Menu
- Sqleditor 3 1 8 – Create Sql Databases Graphically Queries
- Sql Editor 3 1 8 – Create Sql Databases Graphically
- Sqleditor 3 1 8 – Create Sql Databases Graphically Examples
- Sqleditor 3 1 8 – Create Sql Databases Graphically Enables
- Sqleditor 3 1 8 – Create Sql Databases Graphically Functions
SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Select Distinct SQL Where SQL And, Or, Not SQL Order By SQL Insert Into SQL Null Values SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Select Top SQL Min and Max SQL Count, Avg, Sum SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Aliases SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Self Join SQL.
- Using SQL Server Management Studio; Create User using SQL Server Management Studio. You will be creating a user for the EDUTSQL database. Connect to SQL Server then expand the Databases folder from the Object Explorer. Identify the database for which you need to create the user and expand it. Expand its Security folder.
- SQuirreL SQL Client is a graphical Java program that will allow you to view the structure of a JDBC compliant database, browse the data in tables, issue SQL commands etc, see Getting Started and Introduction. The minimum version of Java supported is 1.8.x as of SQuirreL version 3.8.1.
Applies to:SQL Server 2017 (14.x) and later Azure SQL Database
Learn how SQL Graph is architected. Knowing the basics will make it easier to understand other SQL Graph articles.
SQL Graph Database
Users can create one graph per database. A graph is a collection of node and edge tables. Node or edge tables can be created under any schema in the database, but they all belong to one logical graph. A node table is collection of similar type of nodes. For example, a Person node table holds all the Person nodes belonging to a graph. Similarly, an edge table is a collection of similar type of edges. For example, a Friends edge table holds all the edges that connect a Person to another Person. Since nodes and edges are stored in tables, most of the operations supported on regular tables are supported on node or edge tables.
Figure 1: SQL Graph database architecture
Node Table
A node table represents an entity in a graph schema. Every time a node table is created, along with the user-defined columns, an implicit
$node_id
column is created, which uniquely identifies a given node in the database. The values in $node_id
are automatically generated and are a combination of object_id
of that node table and an internally generated bigint value. However, when the $node_id
column is selected, a computed value in the form of a JSON string is displayed. Also, $node_id
is a pseudo column, that maps to an internal name with hex string in it. When you select $node_id
from the table, the column name will appear as $node_id_<hex_string>
. Using pseudo-column names in queries is the recommended way of querying the internal $node_id
column and using internal name with hex string should be avoided.It is recommended that users create a unique constraint or index on the
$node_id
column at the time of creation of node table, but if one is not created, a default unique, nonclustered index is automatically created. However, any index on a graph pseudo column is created on the underlying internal columns. That is, an index created on the $node_id
column, will appear on the internal graph_id_<hex_string>
column.Edge Table
An edge table represents a relationship in a graph. Edges are always directed and connect two nodes. An edge table enables users to model many-to-many relationships in the graph. An edge table may or may not have any user-defined attributes in it. Every time an edge table is created, along with the user-defined attributes, three implicit columns are created in the edge table:
Column name | Description |
---|---|
$edge_id | Uniquely identifies a given edge in the database. It is a generated column and the value is a combination of object_id of the edge table and a internally generated bigint value. However, when the $edge_id column is selected, a computed value in the form of a JSON string is displayed. $edge_id is a pseudo-column, that maps to an internal name with hex string in it. When you select $edge_id from the table, the column name will appear as $edge_id_<hex_string> . Using pseudo-column names in queries is the recommended way of querying the internal $edge_id column and using internal name with hex string should be avoided. |
$from_id | Stores the $node_id of the node, from where the edge originates. |
$to_id | Stores the $node_id of the node, at which the edge terminates. |
Sqleditor 3 1 8 – Create Sql Databases Graphically Queries
The nodes that a given edge can connect is governed by the data inserted in the
$from_id
and $to_id
columns. In the first release, it is not possible to define constraints on the edge table, to restrict it from connecting any two type of nodes. That is, an edge can connect any two nodes in the graph, regardless of their types.Similar to the
$node_id
column, it is recommended that users create a unique index or constraint on the $edge_id
column at the time of creation of the edge table, but if one is not created, a default unique, nonclustered index is automatically created on this column. However, any index on a graph pseudo column is created on the underlying internal columns. That is, an index created on the $edge_id
column, will appear on the internal graph_id_<hex_string>
column. It is also recommended, for OLTP scenarios, that users create an index on ($from_id
, $to_id
) columns, for faster lookups in the direction of the edge.Figure 2 shows how node and edge tables are stored in the database.
Figure 2: Node and edge table representation
Metadata
Use these metadata views to see attributes of a node or edge table.
Sql Editor 3 1 8 – Create Sql Databases Graphically
sys.tables
The following new, bit type, columns will be added to SYS.TABLES. If
is_node
is set to 1, that indicates that the table is a node table and if is_edge
is set to 1, that indicates that the table is an edge table.Column Name | Data Type | Description |
---|---|---|
is_node | bit | 1 = this is a node table |
is_edge | bit | 1 = this is an edge table |
Sqleditor 3 1 8 – Create Sql Databases Graphically Examples
sys.columns
The
sys.columns
view contains additional columns graph_type
and graph_type_desc
, that indicate the type of the column in node and edge tables.Column Name | Data Type | Description |
---|---|---|
graph_type | int | Internal column with a set of values. The values are between 1-8 for graph columns and NULL for others. |
graph_type_desc | nvarchar(60) | internal column with a set of values |
The following table lists the valid values for
graph_type
columnColumn Value | Description |
---|---|
1 | GRAPH_ID |
2 | GRAPH_ID_COMPUTED |
3 | GRAPH_FROM_ID |
4 | GRAPH_FROM_OBJ_ID |
5 | GRAPH_FROM_ID_COMPUTED |
6 | GRAPH_TO_ID |
7 | GRAPH_TO_OBJ_ID |
8 | GRAPH_TO_ID_COMPUTED |
sys.columns
also stores information about implicit columns created in node or edge tables. Following information can be retrieved from sys.columns, however, users cannot select these columns from a node or edge table.Implicit columns in a node table
Column Name | Data Type | is_hidden | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
graph_id_<hex_string> | BIGINT | 1 | internal graph_id column |
$node_id_<hex_string> | NVARCHAR | 0 | External node node_id column |
![Databases Databases](https://i1.wp.com/www.macbed.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/13893-1.png?resize=256%2C256&ssl=1)
Implicit columns in an edge table
Column Name | Data Type | is_hidden | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
graph_id_<hex_string> | BIGINT | 1 | internal graph_id column |
$edge_id_<hex_string> | NVARCHAR | 0 | external edge_id column |
from_obj_id_<hex_string> | INT | 1 | internal from node object_id |
from_id_<hex_string> | BIGINT | 1 | Internal from node graph_id |
$from_id_<hex_string> | NVARCHAR | 0 | external from node node_id |
to_obj_id_<hex_string> | INT | 1 | internal to node object_id |
to_id_<hex_string> | BIGINT | 1 | Internal to node graph_id |
$to_id_<hex_string> | NVARCHAR | 0 | external to node node_id |
System Functions
The following built-in functions are added. These will help users extract information from the generated columns. Note that, these methods will not validate the input from the user. If the user specifies an invalid
sys.node_id
the method will extract the appropriate part and return it. For example, OBJECT_ID_FROM_NODE_ID will take a $node_id
as input and will return the object_id of the table, this node belongs to.Built-in | Description |
---|---|
OBJECT_ID_FROM_NODE_ID | Extract the object_id from a node_id |
GRAPH_ID_FROM_NODE_ID | Extract the graph_id from a node_id |
NODE_ID_FROM_PARTS | Construct a node_id from an object_id and a graph_id |
OBJECT_ID_FROM_EDGE_ID | Extract object_id from edge_id |
GRAPH_ID_FROM_EDGE_ID | Extract identity from edge_id |
EDGE_ID_FROM_PARTS | Construct edge_id from object_id and identity |
Transact-SQL reference
Learn the Transact-SQL extensions introduced in SQL Server and Azure SQL Database, that enable creating and querying graph objects. The query language extensions help query and traverse the graph using ASCII art syntax.
Data Definition Language (DDL) statements
Task | Related Article | Notes |
---|---|---|
CREATE TABLE | CREATE TABLE (Transact-SQL) | CREATE TABLE is now extended to support creating a table AS NODE or AS EDGE. Note that an edge table may or may not have any user-defined attributes. |
ALTER TABLE | ALTER TABLE (Transact-SQL) | Node and edge tables can be altered the same way a relational table is, using the ALTER TABLE . Users can add or modify user-defined columns, indexes or constraints. However, altering internal graph columns, like $node_id or $edge_id , will result in an error. |
CREATE INDEX | CREATE INDEX (Transact-SQL) | Users can create indexes on pseudo-columns and user-defined columns in node and edge tables. All index types are supported, including clustered and nonclustered columnstore indexes. |
CREATE EDGE CONSTRAINTS | EDGE CONSTRAINTS (Transact-SQL) | Users can now create edge constraints on edge tables to enforce specific semantics and also maintain data integrity |
DROP TABLE | DROP TABLE (Transact-SQL) | Node and edge tables can be dropped the same way a relational table is, using the DROP TABLE . However, in this release, there are no constraints to ensure that no edges point to a deleted node and cascaded deletion of edges, upon deletion of a node or node table is not supported. It is recommended that if a node table is dropped, users drop any edges connected to the nodes in that node table manually to maintain the integrity of the graph. |
Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements
Task | Related Article | Notes |
---|---|---|
INSERT | INSERT (Transact-SQL) | Inserting into a node table is no different than inserting into a relational table. The values for $node_id column is automatically generated. Trying to insert a value in $node_id or $edge_id column will result in an error. Users must provide values for $from_id and $to_id columns while inserting into an edge table. $from_id and $to_id are the $node_id values of the nodes that a given edge connects. |
DELETE | DELETE (Transact-SQL) | Data from node or edge tables can be deleted in same way as it is deleted from relational tables. However, in this release, there are no constraints to ensure that no edges point to a deleted node and cascaded deletion of edges, upon deletion of a node is not supported. It is recommended that whenever a node is deleted, all the connecting edges to that node are also deleted, to maintain the integrity of the graph. |
UPDATE | UPDATE (Transact-SQL) | Values in user-defined columns can be updated using the UPDATE statement. Updating the internal graph columns, $node_id , $edge_id , $from_id and $to_id is not allowed. |
MERGE | MERGE (Transact-SQL) | MERGE statement is supported on a node or edge table. |
Query Statements
Task | Related Article | Notes |
---|---|---|
SELECT | SELECT (Transact-SQL) | Nodes and edges are stored as tables internally, hence most of the operations supported on a table in SQL Server or Azure SQL Database are supported on the node and edge tables |
MATCH | MATCH (Transact-SQL) | MATCH built-in is introduced to support pattern matching and traversal through the graph. |
Sqleditor 3 1 8 – Create Sql Databases Graphically Enables
Limitations and known issues
There are certain limitations on node and edge tables in this release:
Sqleditor 3 1 8 – Create Sql Databases Graphically Functions
- Local or global temporary tables cannot be node or edge tables.
- Table types and table variables cannot be declared as a node or edge table.
- Node and edge tables cannot be created as system-versioned temporal tables.
- Node and edge tables cannot be memory optimized tables.
- Users cannot update the
$from_id
and$to_id
columns of an edge using UPDATE statement. To update the nodes that an edge connects, users will have to insert the new edge pointing to new nodes and delete the previous one. - Cross database queries on graph objects are not supported.
Next Steps
To get started with the new syntax, see SQL Graph Database - Sample
- 8.1.1 SQL Query Tab
- 8.1.2 SQL Query Toolbar
- 8.1.3 Query and Edit Menus
- 8.1.4 Result Grid
- 8.1.5 SQL Additions - Snippets Tab
- 8.1.6 SQL Additions - Context Help Tab
- 8.1.7 Output Panel
- 8.1.8 Table Data Search Tab
- 8.1.9 Export or Import a Table
- 8.1.10 MySQL Table Editor
- 8.1.11 Code Generation Overview
The visual SQL editor consists of a set of specialized editors (query, schema, table, and so on) and three panels: sidebar, secondary sidebar, and output area. Each editor opens in a separate secondary tab within an active MySQL connection tab. Each panel can be hidden or shown. Together the editors and panels enable you to:
- Build, edit, and run queries
- Create and edit data
- View and export results
- Perform basic RDBMS administrative tasks
Color syntax highlighting, context help, and code completion assist you in writing and debugging SQL statements. The integrated EXPLAIN plans provide data to help optimize the your queries. The following figure shows the main elements of the visual editor.
Figure 8.1 Visual SQL Editor
Description of the Visual SQL Editor Elements
- Home screen tab. The Home screen tab provides quick access to connections, models, and the MySQL Migration wizard. Unlike the other main tabs, the Home screen tab does not close. For additional information, see Chapter 4, Home Screen Tab.
- Connection tab. Each connection made to the MySQL server is represented by a separate connection tab. A server can be active or inactive when the connection tab for it is opened. For assistance in creating and managing MySQL connections, see Chapter 5, Connections in MySQL Workbench.
- SQL query tab. The SQL query tab is a secondary tab that opens by default when you make a connection to a MySQL server. Each query tab is uniquely identified by an incrementing number:
query 1
,query 2
, and so on. To close an open tab, click thex
on the tab. For a closer look at query editing in MySQL Workbench, (see Section 8.1.1, “SQL Query Tab”).All SQL query tabs provide an area to edit queries. You can open other specialized editors within tabs in this same central area. For example, you can edit schemas, tables, columns, and so on. Administration tabs also open in this area. - Main menu bar. The menu bar has the following menus: File, Edit, View, Query, Database, Server, Tools, Scripting, and Help. The actions available to you depend on which tab is selected when you click a menu. For a description of frequently used menus, see Section 8.1.3, “Query and Edit Menus”.
- Main toolbar. The quick actions in this toolbar are (ordered from left to right):
- Create a new SQL tab for executing queries
- Open a SQL script file in a new query tab
- Open Inspector for the selected object
- Create a new schema in the connected server
- Create a new table in the active schema in connected server
- Create a new view in the active schema in the connected server
- Create a new stored procedure in the active schema in the connected server
- Create a new function in the active schema in the connected server
- Search table data for text in objects selected in the sidebar schema tree
- Reconnect to DBMS
- Shortcut actions. Battery health 3 1 0 1993. Provides the following shortcuts (ordered from left to right):
- Show preferences dialog (see Section 3.2, “Workbench Preferences”)
- Hide or show the sidebar panel
- Hide or show the output area panel
- Hide or show the secondary sidebar panel
- Sidebar panel. The sidebar has two main labels: Navigator and Information. The labels are omitted on some hosts.The Navigator has two subtabs: Administration (previously named Management) and Schemas. You can merge (or separate) the content of the two tabs into a single list by clicking merge ().The Information area provides the Object Info and Session subtabs, which include read-only information about a selected object and about the active connection.
- Secondary sidebar panel (SQL Additions). The SQL Additions area provides the following subtabs:
- Context Help (see Section 8.1.6, “SQL Additions - Context Help Tab”)
- Snippets (see Section 8.1.5, “SQL Additions - Snippets Tab”)
- Output area panel. The output panel can display a summary of the executed queries in the following forms: Action Output, Text Output, or History Output. For additional information, see Section 8.1.7, “Output Panel”.
The next sections describe how to use the visual SQL editor.